Paraphrasing and Summarizing free essay sample

Paraphrasing is selecting the author or writer works and referencing the ideas that are used. As well as using your own words in a length that will capture the audience attention. Summarizing is related to your ideas and thoughts Of what the writer or author discuss. Politico (201 2),Paraphrase and summary are indispensable tools in essay writing because they allow you to include other peoples ideas without cluttering up your essay with quotations. They help you take greater control of your essay. Consider relying on either tool when an idea from one of your sources is important to your essay but the Roding is not. You should be guided in your choice of which tool to use by considerations of space. But above all, think about how much of the detail from your source is relevant to your argument. If all your reader needs to know is the bare bones, then summarize. We will write a custom essay sample on Paraphrasing and Summarizing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ultimately, be sure not to rely too heavily on either paraphrase or summary. Your ideas are what matter most Allow yourself the space to develop those ideas. (Para. How do I paraphrase? ). Paraphrasing and Summarizing free essay sample Paraphrasing is selecting the author or writer works and referencing the ideas that are used. As well as using your own words in a length that will capture the audience attention. Summarizing is related to your ideas and thoughts Of what the writer or author discuss. Politick (201 2),Paraphrase and summary are indispensable tools in essay writing because they allow you to include other peoples ideas without cluttering up your essay with quotations. They help you take greater control of your essay. Consider relying on either tool when an idea from one of your sources is important to your essay but the Roding is not.You should be guided in your choice of which tool to use by considerations of space. But above all, think about how much of the detail from your source is relevant to your argument. If all your reader needs to know is the bare bones, then summarize. We will write a custom essay sample on Paraphrasing and Summarizing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ultimately, be sure not to rely too heavily on either paraphrase or summary. Your ideas are what matter most Allow yourself the space to develop those ideas. (Para. How do I paraphrase? ). Politick, J. (2012). University College Writing Centre.

Essay on Communicable Disease for Zika Virus - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theEssay on Communicable Disease for Zika Virus. Answer: Introduction Communicable disease is the one of the dangerous forms of disease that affects the life of not only the infected person but also infects the lives of the other people who are related to the infected person. It is important to note that communicable disease are feared due to their excessive ability to spread faster as compared to other forms of diseases and infect people at exponential rate. There are huge numbers of communicable diseases in different forms which have over the years affected people from all across the world and hence it is important to focus on having strong intervention strategy to mitigate the impact of communicable disease in the society. There have been significant researches on communicable disease and its impact on the society, there has also been significant research on the different forms of communicable diseases in the world especially by the World Health Organisation the health regulatory body of UNO (World Health Organization, 2016). It has been seen that emerging and re-emerging trends in the communicable disease have had significant contribution from viruses. It is important to note that viruses are major agents that create communicable disease and hence it is important for the organisation to focus on understanding the emerging communicable diseases and the various factors that contribute to the multiplication of the communicable diseases in the society. The present study will be done with reference to the Zika Virus which has been one of the menacing communicable diseases that has affected numerous lives of people all across the world. The issue of Zika Virus is not new even though its considered as one of the emerging communicable diseases (Wikan and Smith, 2016). The present essay will take into account the discussion of the intricacies related to Zika Virus like its introducing agent, the role of host and the environmental factors and the potential policy responses taken up by the Government and the World Health Organisation in order to make sure Zika is managed properly. Overview of Zika Virus For nearly seven to eight decades the Zika Virus has been considered to have lower to moderate impact on human health but with the constant growth of the impact of the virus in the recent past in major events like Olympics have suffered the issues with Zika Virus and this has again brought this issue in limelight again. Zika Virus first came into existence when it was isolated in 1947 from a febrile rhesus Macaque monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda and was later identified in Aedes africunus mosquitoes from the same forest. There have been number of cases of Zika virus in the early 1950s that brought the thing into the limelight. There has been significant research on Zika Virus since then and it has revealed that the presence of Zika Virus is widespread in Asia and Africa. The surveillance studies in human health has shown that countries like Japan, China, India in Asia have faced the wrath of Zika significantly whereas countries like Uganda, Somalia, Nigeria, Sudan from Africa has suffered issues with Zika Virus (World Health Organization, 2016). One of the major recording of mass infection by Zika have been reported in the Brazil where 1,300,000 people got infected to Zika together due to the mosquito bite in the country. This clearly created the complete global awareness in the world about this issue and started to get medical importance after the incidents in the early 1950s. Historically looking at this communicable disease it could be said that earlier there were very small number of cases recorded where people have been infected by Zika but with over the last few years Zika Virus have come into the picture for causing deaths and mass infections in different countries especially in certain Asian and African countries. Over the past decades Zika have been considered dormant but some of the cases coming up in news have put Zika Virus in the spotlight for all wrong reasons (World Health Organization, 2016). Every year the international media launches new information campaign about new diseases which becomes viral due to the presence of the different social networking sites available. In the recent past there have been number of different communicable disease which has come up in the last few years like the Ebola Virus, H1N1 Flu, Siberian Plague et cetera and along with them Zika Virus has received great attention due to the immense health damage. W.H.O has announced a new danger in the form of Zika virus. Critically analysing the Zika it could be said that this is an endemic microorganism that is mainly found in Africa and Asia in mosquitoes and are directly connected with the Dengue virus (Weaver et al., 2016). Since it is usually transmitted by mosquitoes hence it is important to have significant intervention strategies to combat this virus. It could be said that in order to make sure effective strategies are framed it is important to analyse the agents and the environmental factors w hich contributes to the growth of the virus. The first outbreak in the Yap Island in the year 2007 had created the need of getting more information about Zika which would help the WHO as well as the regional governments to develop intervention strategies to manage this issue effectively. According to the statistics the disease have already affected around 2 million people have been affected by the Zika Virus (World Health Organisation, 2016). Zika is a positive sense single stranded RNA virus in the family of Flavivirdae which includes several other mosquito borne viruses of clinical importance. Even though there are significant researches made on the subject theres no ample information about Zika and hence it becomes real tough for the doctors and the scientists even to make significant progress in the study of Zika Virus. It could be said that doctors so far have not been able to manage any kind of proper medication for Zika and treat patients mainly strong assumptions and treatment procedures related to similar diseases like Ebola and Dengue. Hence it is important to analyse Zika Virus as a dangerous communicable disease and develop intervention strategies which would help to combat future attacks of Zika virus (Wikan and Smith, 2016). Mechanism and Impact of Zika Virus The World Health organisation has been deeply concerned about the fast spreading of Zika Virus. In the recent few years this virus has become an extremely threatening issue for people and has taken number of lives that is genuinely a matter concern for the Government as well as the world health organisation. From the statistics presented by the WHO it could be said that the symptoms of this disease could be there in the human body for two or more days and in this while can cause significant physical damage and even death of the person. The symptoms identified in Zika Virus is pretty similar to dengue or Chikungunya where a person could experience high to mild fever and the body temperature exists consistently even after medication and hence special care is needed for the patient in this scenario. On the other hand skin rash, aches and pains, conjunctivitis and headaches are common symptoms with the disease. It is recommended to a person to go for a blood test in case the body tempera tures and aches remain for more than three days (Musso et al., 2014). The mechanism of Zika virus is pretty simple as it is transmitted in the body by mosquitoes the virus gets injected in the body that is in the blood which starts to act on the antibodies which is present there in the blood creating problems in the body. It is mainly spread by the Aedes mosquitoes and but there are also talks that it could also be transmitted sexually. In the recent past Australia has suffered the wrath of Zika Virus where it has been mainly found among people who are travelers and are returning from South America or Africa. Even though Australia scholars have argued that the disease has spread in Australia but there have been cases which the country should consider as important to make movements in the future regarding the health intervention for Zika (Weaver et al. 2016). It has been stated that women and children are much more vulnerable to Zika Virus in any part of the world and hence it is important that these communities are given extra care in order to protect them from physical harm and for perennial problems caused to generations. There have been contemplations about the possible effect of Zika among the kids which are thought to be present in them right from birth which means that Zika Virus might have link with birth defects and hence it can be clearly concluded that the impact of Zika Virus on the society could be substantial if its effects are not mitigated properly. It has been quoted by the Brazil Government that Microcephaly is a condition in the child brain where it stops to develop and even though there is no evidence present but the government seems to be too confident about the statement made (Mlakar et al., 2016). Virologists have argued that its spread can be stopped only with proper awareness among people and hence it becomes one of the key tools for reducing the possible impacts of Zika. Governments in different countries like Australia have taken up steps to make sure awareness is created about Zika which would help to educate people about this virus and to combat its constant spread and mitigate its effect. The virologists have also argued that excess travelling of people from corner to the other corner of the world is one of the major reasons for its spread and so Government of Australia have already taken steps to educate travelers and bagpackers which would help them to follow life pattern which would at least help to reduce the possibility of Zika virus infection in the body (Paixo et al., 2016). Overall it is important to make sure that effective intervention strategies are developed to manage this emerging health concern not only in Australia but all across the world. It cannot be d enied that every disease or carriers of the disease are bred in certain places or there are factors that contribute to the growth of such harmful viruses and hence it is important to realise the possible carriers and agents and the factors that feed Zika Virus. Role of Agent, Host and Environmental Factors in the Spread of Zika The agents, host and the environmental factors play a crucial role in the spread of Zika Virus in the society. It cannot be denied that agents and the environmental factors clearly feed and contribute to the growth Zika virus because humans dont understand the possible harm and threats while coming close to the agents and the environmental factors help the virus to build up infection on the human body. It is important to discuss the role of the agents and the host and the environmental factors for the growth of Zika Virus in order to develop a strong intervention strategy. The main agent for the spreading of the Zika Virus is the Aedes Mosquito which is a single stranded gene from the Flavivirdae family. The distribution of the virus happens through the bite of the mosquito which clearly injects the virus through the skin in the body. Hence it could be said that the transmission of the disease mainly happens due to the blood meal of the mosquito. Even though in the recent past there have been cases of existence of the virus in the breast milk of women but it has not yet have been documented. Hence in this case it could be said that the principal agent for the spread of this perilous virus. The diagnosis of most of the patients suffering from Zika has recorded information about the existence of excessive amount of mosquito in the area and hence is considered as the prime reason for the spread of Zika virus. The infection from the mosquitoes have increased in the recent past which clearly shows that apart from the agent the use of the environmental facto rs and host have been there that worsens the situation to a large extent in managing Zika Virus (Hennessey, Fischer and Staples, 2016). The Zika Virus transmission dynamics follow a complex spatiotemporal pattern which is most of the time unpredictable and is highly influenced by the manmade activities. It is important to note that most of the Zika Virus attacks have been recorded in the densely populated areas especially in Australia. It has also been seen that the exposure to outside hosts have also played a crucial role in the spread of Zika Virus. The travelers from the different regions when come to Australia tend to distribute Zika virus and this has been one of the reasons for the increase of case of Zika Virus in Australia. The human activity patterns have played a crucial role in the spread of Zika as humans tend to do a number of things which contribute to the growth of virus and bacteria. Increase of water logging in certain areas which is very common in Asia and Africa have bred Aedes mosquitoes and have also increased the number of victims of Ebola, Zika Virus et cetera. Consistent mild fever has been on e of the indications for the virus attacks that show humans need to revamp their overall lifestyle procedure (Hall-Mendelin et al., 2016). As per the study on host it has been seen that outdoor hosts are more susceptible to Zika attack which is quite easily spread in different regions among people and hence it is important for the Governments and even the local councils to analyse the populace who are outdoors for significant time period and accordingly develop certain health rules and regulations which these people should follow in order to make sure the virus attacks could be reduced and also mitigated to a large extent. The vector control measures will only be effective if the hosts which means the human community is focused on leading a good and healthy life and most importantly follow health regime and rules and definitely dont stand water logging for more than a couple of days in the neighborhood not even in the utensils or vase (Pyke et al., 2014). The environmental factors have also largely contributed to the overall growth of Zika Virus in the world. In most cases it has been seen that Aedes mosquito the agent of Zika Virus has been found in the tropical and sub tropical region since the agent cannot live in comparatively cooler regions. In areas with moisture the breeding of the agent is easier and hence the tropical and sub tropical areas stand to be effective for the mosquitoes to live and breed. It can also be said that the excessive creation of pollution by manmade activities help viruses to breed which eventually leads to virus spread in the area. If analysed thoroughly it could be said that the Uganda and Somalia have tropical climate it is close to sea and have immense pollution and waste management is not effective which sets a perfect platform for the mosquito to act on the hosts namely humans. Hence it is important to focus on reducing pollution and take proper responses which would help to mitigate the impact of Z ika Virus (World Health Organisation, 2016). Potential Policy responses Zika Virus is one of the menacing subjects in the health study all across the world. It could be extremely helpful if gone unnoticed and could impact generations after generations. It is important to note that the World Health Organisation have made number of strategies to increase awareness of Zika Virus and have made policies which would help to combat Zika. On the other hand Australian Government has also implemented policy responses to manage the outbreak of an epidemic of Zika. The Australian Government has provided number of information to travelers and common public in the country to manage the outbreak of Zika. It has also invested significant amount of money in the research and development of medical procedures to mitigate the impact of Zika and to combat its outbreak (Leung et al., 2015). The World Health Organisation in collaboration with the Ministry of Health have enhanced the surveillance policy in Zika affected areas which would help to improve the prevention and inter vention strategies, the healthcare policy of training and development have been considered importantly to cope up with the increasing impact of Zika Virus attack. The vector control policies have been amended with the help of W.H.O and regular preparation of recommendations has also been suggested to improve the intervention procedure (Hall-Mendelin et al., 2016). Conclusion Zika Virus is one of the emerging concerns in the field of healthcare and WHO and the regional government of Australia has tried to combat its outbreak in the country. It is important to note that the agent that is Aedes mosquito could be reduced in the society with the contribution from the human host by reducing pollution and manmade activities which would improve the environment neglecting the survival of the agent of Zika Virus in the society. Overall it could be said that the present study has been able to discuss the key aspects related to Zika Virus effectively. References Diallo, D., Sall, A.A., Diagne, C.T., Faye, O., Faye, O., Ba, Y., Hanley, K.A., Buenemann, M., Weaver, S.C. and Diallo, M., 2014. Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011.PloS one,9(10), p.e109442. Fauci, A.S. and Morens, D.M., 2016. Zika virus in the Americasyet another arbovirus threat.New England Journal of Medicine,374(7), pp.601-604. Faye, O., Freire, C.C., Iamarino, A., Faye, O., de Oliveira, J.V.C., Diallo, M. and Zanotto, P.M., 2014. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20th century.PLoS neglected tropical diseases,8(1), p.e2636. Hall-Mendelin, S., Pyke, A.T., Moore, P.R., Mackay, I.M., McMahon, J.L., Ritchie, S.A., Taylor, C.T., Moore, F.A. and van den Hurk, A.F., 2016. Assessment of local mosquito species incriminates Aedes aegypti as the potential vector of Zika virus in Australia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases,10(9), p.e0004959. Hennessey, M., Fischer, M. and Staples, J.E., 2016. Zika virus spreads to new areasregion of the Americas, May 2015January 2016.American Journal of Transplantation,16(3), pp.1031-1034. Leung, G.H., Baird, R.W., Druce, J. and Anstey, N.M., 2015. Zika virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia.Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health,46(3), p.460. Mlakar, J., Korva, M., Tul, N., Popovi?, M., Poljak-Prijatelj, M., Mraz, J., Kolenc, M., Resman Rus, K., Vesnaver Vipotnik, T., Fabjan Voduek, V. and Vizjak, A., 2016. Zika virus associated with microcephaly.N Engl J Med,2016(374), pp.951-958. Musso, D., Nhan, T., Robin, E., Roche, C., Bierlaire, D., Zisou, K., Yan, A.S., Cao-Lormeau, V.M. and Broult, J., 2014. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014.Eurosurveillance,19(14), p.20761. Paixo, E.S., Barreto, F., da Glria Teixeira, M., Maria da Conceio, N.C. and Rodrigues, L.C., 2016. History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of Zika: a systematic review.American Journal of Public Health (ajph). Pyke, A.T., Daly, M.T., Cameron, J.N., Moore, P.R., Taylor, C.T., Hewitson, G.R., Humphreys, J.L. and Gair, R., 2014. Imported Zika virus infection from the Cook Islands into Australia, 2014.PLoS currents,6. Weaver, S.C., Costa, F., Garcia-Blanco, M.A., Ko, A.I., Ribeiro, G.S., Saade, G., Shi, P.Y. and Vasilakis, N., 2016. Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control.Antiviral research,130, pp.69-80. Wikan, N. and Smith, D.R., 2016. Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus.The Lancet Infectious diseases,16(7), pp.e119-e126. World Health Organization, 2016. WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005)(IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations.Saudi medical journal,37(3), pp.332-333. World Health Organization, 2016. Zika virus research agenda.

Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay Example

Repercussions of an introvert personality Essay This report aims to explain and justify the repercussions of an introvert personality, remarkably in a job which involves public contact. It is done so by taking into consideration various factors which would affect an individual personality. The word personality originates from the Greek word persona, which means mask. It is notably interesting to be knowledgeable about the theatres of the ancient Latin-speaking world, wherein the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or typify that character. An individual personality may be defined as the total pattern of characteristic ways of thinking, feeling ad behaving that constitute the individuals distinctive method of relating to the environment (Kagan and Havemann 1976) Personality is a very comprehensive concept yet it is very individualistic and unique by itself. Personality of an individual is determined by the way they perceive or react to the world outside them. In order to interpret a personality, it is very important to find out what motivates them, take into consideration their thinking process, their way of reacting to situations. The process of personality thus integrates the processes of perception, motivation and learning. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991) Personality, predominantly, are of two extreme types of personality; extrovert and introvert. However of late there is a third term which is in vogue; ambivert, used for personalities that fall between extrovert and introvert. A lay mans description of introverts personality is described as a person who is shy, lacks social skills, will not talk, is withdrawn and unfriendly. However, Introversion is not the same as shyness, though introverts may also be shy. We will write a custom essay sample on Repercussions of an introvert personality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Repercussions of an introvert personality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Repercussions of an introvert personality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introverts choose solitary over social activities by preference, whereas shy people avoid social encounters out of fear. (Whitten 2001) Myers Briggs says an introvert derives energy from his or her internal world of emotions and ideas. (CIO 1995). Introverts may not necessarily be silent people but people who remain silent by choice. They are sometimes quiet, introspective (reflective) and appreciate order. (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991). Introverts have always been criticized of being lonely, shy etc. Its worth mentioning Marti Laney description of an introvert as someone who is a good listener, who enjoys time alone, appears calm and is self contained. Introversion is not the same as shyness, though introverts may also be shy. Introverts choose solitary over social activities by preference, whereas shy people avoid social encounters out of fear. The various characteristics of an introvert personality have been studied and debated with various conclusions. However a few characteristics are a vital and cannot be overlooked as a characteristic. The characteristic of an introvert brings out a process of their emotions, thoughts, and observations internally. Many a time introverts are found to be social people; but reveal less than extroverts do. Introverts take their time to think before they respond or react in a given situation, and develop their ideas by reflecting privately. Introverts personality traits are in general passionate, but not aggressive. In short, they are more private, and less public. However at workplace, when boss or a senior asks for the status or an explanation for a pending assignment, it will be considered impertinent on the part of an employee to be silent. The employee is expected to speak up and be answerable. It is highly empirical that an introvert will not be selected or cannot sustain a job involving public contact. Silence will not be granted for introversion of an individual. Some introverts arent stereotypically shy and can strike up conversations with anyone; they do talk and listen to people. However, most introverts avoid striking a conversation with someone. In comparison to out going natured people, Introverts lack the tactic of talking up by themselves. Theyd rather have meaningful conversations about the depths of human souls and minds, but find few opportunities (those arent the usual conversations at work during regular briefings or board room meetings). While working in a company any good role involving public contact, it is a part of the normal routine to make presentations. Introversion of an individual will make the audience of the presentation raise questions on the ability of the individual. This can result in high levels of demotivation and can result in side lining of the employee during presentations.

A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay Example A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay A Proposal For An Anti Stigma Awareness Program Social Work Essay Essay The nucleus of stigma is a judgmental attitude aimed at person fighting mental unwellness. Even today these attitudes persist and produce damaging effects go forthing person who struggles with mental unwellness feeling rejected and less valued. Consequently, these attitudes can impede recovery, which in bend, underscore feelings of weakness and marginalisation. This writer presents an educational consciousness plan directed at the pupils of Spring Woods High School in Houston, Texas ; with the purpose of turn toing the stigma of mental unwellness on a community degree. This proposal outlines the plan, its leading and support, and the function of psychologists and allied professionals in the community. It presents a helpful review of the plan, and takes into history all possible results. A plan rating is offered as a manner of mensurating its effectivity. Literature identifies societal stigma as a turning cosmopolitan concern in the bringing of wellness attention and human services ( Link, Struening, Neese-Todd, Asmussen, A ; Phelan, 2001 ) . A recent diagnosing of mental unwellness, for case, may endanger one s sense of individuality. The state of affairs is farther aggravated when 1 s household and immediate community, are perceived to respond negatively to the forecast. When this happens, people tend to hide their unwellness to avoid feelings of shame and being marginalized. The ensuing stigma is frequently carried over to the work force and health care scenes where a individual fighting with mental unwellness relates with detached and apathetic equals and health care givers. In due class, the societal banishment can take to avoidance of intervention for the unwellness ( Link A ; Phelan, 2006 ) . Goffman s ( 1963 ) seminal work defines stigma as a detrimental property or a smudge against one s individuality, as such, person to be shunned or ignored in a civil society. Literature in stigma is well extended, to include of import issues refering to policy, economic sciences, civilization and mental wellness ( Keusch, Wilentz, A ; Kleinman, 2006 ) . Mental unwellness is still a negative characteristic that continues to act upon societal dealingss ( Corrigan A ; Watson, 2006 ) . By and large, stigma embodies the populace s countenance of a aggregation of prejudiced attitudes, hurtful emotional responses, prejudiced behaviours, and biased societal hierarchy directed at members of a subgroup. It includes stereotyping, labeling, exclusion, and marginalisation of the stigmatized persons in a societal state of affairs ( Corrigan A ; Wassel, 2008 ) . Most late, public wellness issues related to stigma faced by people with mental unwellness have become recognized planetary wellness concerns. Thornicroft and Maingay ( 2002 ) estimates that about 450 million people world-wide battle with mental wellness issues at one clip or another, which accounts for 31 % of all old ages lived with the unwellness albeit sing important planetary differences. That said, the stigma and marginalisation linked with terrible mental unwellness tend to do it more hard for people fighting with mental wellness jobs to take advantage of the current available interventions, therefore farther impeding their recovery and assimilation ( Overton A ; Medina, 2008 ) . This resonates with the Surgeon General s study ( 1999 ) , where stigma was recognized as the most of import hindrance in the intervention of mental upsets. Emerging literature uncovering the negative effects of stigma on mental unwellness has prompted wellness bureaus to get down developing plans designed to cut down, if non wholly prevent stigma. The World Health Organization ( WHO, 2001 ) , in their study explored ways to face and cut down stigma, including developing and advancing anti-stigma runs and plans through coaction with non-government organisations. A figure of on-line plans against stigma of mental unwellness were besides developed to tackle the potency of the cyberspace and other related media in get the better ofing stigma beyond the local degree. As apparent from these enterprises, stigma is now by and large recognized as a cosmopolitan issue that will necessitate to be addressed on many degrees, affecting the coaction and partnership between authorities, health care establishments, and non-government organisations. Analysis of the Problem Stigma associated with mental unwellness deeply resides in the complex societal phenomenon between persons and their battle with others, and accordingly, can be understood from the symbolic interaction model ( Blumer, 1969 ) ; every bit good as Kleinman s ( 1988 ) theory of societal constructivism as it relates to illness. Chandra and Minkovitz ( 2006 ) highlight the close impossibleness for an person to non be influenced by social norms ; they are learned early on and are nurtured within the household and immediate community. This can be observed in how society even countenances this moral force of self-identification with mental unwellness in its usage of mundane linguistic communication ( Rusch, Angermeyer, A ; Corrigan, 2005 ) . This is clearly apparent when persons are referred to or identified by their mental unwellness. She s bi-polar, would look more convenient than saying She struggles with bi-polar upset. Sadly, one time an person has been labeled, the labeling does non discontinue even when the person s status improves ( Hinshaw, 2005 ) . In add-on, incrimination is invariably acknowledged as a chief factor that leads to stigma ( Sandelowski, Lambe, A ; Barroso, 2004 ) . Research demonstrates how the procedure of stigmatisation is strongly linked to the grade of control an person is perceived to hold over his or her unwellness, including the grade of duty the single accepts as a consequence. Case in point: mental unwellness ensuing from encephalon tumour is perceived as less stigmatizing by striplings, as compared to unexplained mental unwellness ( Corrigan, et al. , 2005 ) . To contrast leukaemia with bi-polar upset with regard to comprehend control, bi-polar is perceived to caused since it is frequently characterized as something to make with compulsive behaviours and substance maltreatment, while leukaemia is understood more as something that happens randomly ( Sandelowski, Lambe, A ; Barroso ) . Traveling beyond the doctor s diagnosing, Kleinman s theory explored the narrations that each individual, their household, and immediate community bring to the apprehension of unwellness. Kleinman underscored the significance of the narratives environing the unwellness and how it is shaped by the patient. Kleinman is chiefly concerned in the narratives of individuals who are fighting from chronic unwellness. He makes it a point to distinguish disease from unwellness. Disease pertains to the job from the doctor s point of view ; while unwellness refer to the patient and his or her household s apprehension and grasp of the job and how they put forth the attempt to turn to the state of affairs ( Kleinman ) . Harmonizing to Kleinman, socialisation ensues when narratives related to unwellness are shared and explored among the patient and their households. It is of import to observe that while Kleinman does non indicate specifically to societal constructivism in the articulation of his theory, the impression of shared significance is embedded throughout his work. Pulling from his observations of the societal constructions of assorted civilizations, Kleinman asserts the significance that the patient s immediate community ascribes to the unwellness is more of import than the existent physical symptoms and forecast of the disease. For illustration, a individual who presents with symptoms of depression may non mind the physician s referral for therapy if his immediate societal context does non back such class of action. This can take to farther complications and can be a beginning of defeat for both the patient and doctor. Furthermore, the difference of sentiment can ensue in unfavourable inter vention results. From the societal alteration perspective Kleinman s theory provides the juncture to look beyond the immediate jobs of mental unwellness and appreciate the potency for alteration. This stance becomes more of import given that society is going more culturally diverse, and where psychologists are deemed built-in to advance thoughts that initiate societal alteration to modern health care quandary.

Majoring in Abnormal Psychology Is Not For Everyone essays

Majoring in Abnormal Psychology Is Not For Everyone essays Abnormal Psychology: a life decision Majoring in psychology is not for everyone. It does not appeal to those who seek quick and simple answers to complex problems, nor to those who want the "approved solution" to the questions of why humans act, think and feel as they do. But if you are someone who enjoys mysteries, gets excited by challenging puzzles, is curious about human nature, intrigued by observing animal behavior, thinks about the HOW and WHY of YOU, then you'll find psychology a rewarding and even empowering major. There is no field of knowledge with such an enormous extent of interest as can be found in psychology. From the micro analysis of the functioning of single nerve cells, to the macro functioning of urban communities, to the perception of a newborn child, to the prejudice of a group, to the decision-making process of national governments; we have it all. While many psychologists study fundamental processes of human development, brain functioning, learning, motivation, emotion, memory, judgment, language, personality, mental disorders, and social interactions for the sheer joy of understanding them better, others seek to apply psychological knowledge to improve the quality of our lives. All my academic life Ive been struggling with what exactly it is that I want to major in. Ive always been fascinated with the crime investigation shows you see on Court T.V. I just love the whole mystery and challenge, and then being able to solve that mystery based on the evidence. It was only until recently that the crime solvers world of investigation has blossomed and has brought on many new techniques to solving crimes. There have been many new advances in forensic science that have not only solved many cold cases, but have freed wrongly accused men/women. Its from these new approaches that have brought into light a new type of investigator, a psychological profil ...

Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders Essays

Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders Essays Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders Essay Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders Essay The article Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders by Martha Kleinhans (2002) is one of a particularly topical nature at present. Not only does Kleinhans attempt to wrestle with an inherently taboo subject matter, she does so with fastidious ability, drawing conclusions, evaluation and criticism throughout the piece. The article, written in 2002, came just after a great deal of media interest in the trial of Roy Whiting, who was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Sarah Payne, and thus contains both reference to recent headline news as well as evaluation concerning current legislation and parliamentary acts. Due to this occurrence and topical agenda, articles of this nature and subject matter have flooded the market with reference to all manner of areas concerning paedophilic sex offenders. It would therefore seem probable that this article may have nothing specific to offer in the way of insights into this field. However, this does not prove to be the case, as Kleinhans raises some valuable sociological discourses and covers ground that would not be expected to be standard of this subject matter. Within the opening few lines of the article, Kleinhans states that the main agenda within the piece is addressed to the over reactions of the public towards paedophillic sex offenders, and the impulsiveness of legislation systems to bring about justice and retribution. This initial statement enables Kleinhans to diversify her argument into several different areas within the topic of criminal justice studies, but also to use it as a platform with which other statements can be made in reference. From this, the article firstly attempts to identify the distinctions that have been imposed between childhood and adulthood. This is inherently a difficult task, and as Kleinhans states, it firstly requires exploring two underlying assumptions about the child: first, the innocence of the child and, second, the asexuality of the child (2002 p 234). Yet, the disadvantage of assumption is that it is not necessarily based on truths, and is therefore liable to subjective interpretation and thus can be misleading. Kleinhans accepts this view, and goes on to investigate the extent to which the innocence and asexuality of the child transpire. These two topics are dealt with individually, and Kleinhans concludes that the innocence of the child is not necessarily the case. Although society wishes to perceive the child and childhood as innocent, the pervasiveness of juvenile offenders is enough to allow this area to become deceptive. Thus leading to an ambiguity between childhood and innocence. However, although this may be the case, this ambiguity is not enough to detract from the moral separation of children from adults (Kleinhans 2002, p234). Yet, this view is not necessarily echoed in contemporary legislation. As criminal justice systems categorise offenders in terms of age, with the separation of adult, juvenile and young offenders, it has become increasingly clear that the child is not necessarily innately innocent and the separation between childhood and adulthood, in terms of real world consequences, is becoming ever more entwined. Kleinhans then moves to deal with the second issue concerning child, namely the perceived asexuality that comes with childhood. Kleinhans argues that this is again a social separator of childhood from adulthood, with sexuality conceivably being a defining factor of the end of the childhood stage. As with innocence, asexuality of childhood is likely to misleading, it is unlikely that children remain total naive to sexuality, despite the best attempts of others. This argument is then furthered with the discussion that the emphasis placed on the repression of childhood sexuality is infact constructing sexual beings that need to be regulated. An idea, which again produces inconsistencies and contradictions, thus affecting our notion of childhood sexuality and the separation of the child from the adult. After considering the various issues concerning the child, the article moves on to examine the aspects of punishment inflicted on the paedophilic sex offender. Kleinhans discussion centres around the distinction between corporal and carceral punishment. She argues that modern criminal justice approaches have moved away from corporal punishment systems to more carceral-based systems, but also argues the benefits of a more dualist or holistic approach. This then emphasises the punishment on both the body and the soul, a case of addressing both sides of person in order to rectify the whole. After this initial identification of contemporary justice systems, Kleinhans then considers the logistics surrounding incarceration for paedophilic sex offenders. This takes the form of the virtual and civilised prison. Kleinhans uses these terms to identify the differing facets of imprisonment while not actually incarcerated within the prison, thus transversing the methods used while in prison to the offender upon release. The virtual prison describes the way in which after release, methods have been applied to the offender in order to keep them under surveillance. Methods of electronic tagging and registry systems have all been used in this way, this creates a virtual prison, in which, although not actually incarcerated, the offender is still subjected to the monitoring and surveillance which were afforded while in prison. The civilised prison refers to the civilised nature in which punishment is administered. The nature of imprisonment provides a way of governing punishment away from the public in a civilised manor. Yet, with public attention being paramount when concerned with paedophilia, this civilised manor is almost eradicated as the punishment of the offender becomes an ever more increasingly public spectacle. Kleinhans concludes her argument with a discussion of the offender and the community, in which she comments on the exclusionary tactics employed by the community in order to rid themselves of an offender in their location. This idea echoes the notion of the virtual prison, in which offenders are excluded from society to such a degree that it is almost impossible for them to begin the road away from deviance, and are thus once again in isolation. In order to evaluate the article to a greater degree, it is necessary to look at the work within a wider context. This refers to evaluating the piece within the dimensions of deviance within a sociological perspective, and thus, this area should be looked at in greater detail. The definition of deviance is slightly problematic as there is no set definition or description for this term. However, deviance can be explained as a relative phenomena, in which it can only be related to a standard, which is no means fixed or absolute. Due to this, deviance is socially constructed, and what is seen as deviant in one culture may be considered the norm for another. Perhaps one of the most dominant perspectives within the field of deviance is that of functionalism. This takes the view that deviance occurs due to the nature of society, rather than an individual trait. Merton (1938) argued that deviant behaviour could be explained as a function of the properties of social systems rather than physiological or psychological discrepancies. This description of deviant behaviour fits in with Kleinhans view that the community in which the offender is relocated to provide the right conditions for deviant behaviour to reoccur, thus society is constructing the dimensions in which deviance can facilitate. During 2001, a great deal of media coverage became apparent after the murder of Sarah Payne, from this, a great wave of communal reaction occurred resulting in legislation being passed. Sarahs law called for tighter controls on known paedophilic sex offenders and gave way to a great host of clauses concerning this area. This vast public reaction had several consequences, not only did it bring this paedophilic sex offender into the public eye, but some of the methods and restrictions employed by the law had negative effects. Drury (2002) claimed that the anti-paedophile mobs were pushing these offenders underground and out of a sphere in which they could be controlled. Pank (2001) also suggested that this might be the case, and also added that registration systems may result in some unforeseen circumstances, in particular, making it more accessible for other offenders to contact each other. This view again sits with the idea of socially constructed crime, as society is producing the guidelines for which deviance can take hold. One further view of deviance is that held by the internationalist approach. Becker (1963) states that social groups create deviance by the making of rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders (1963 p9). This view can be applied to paedophilic sex offenders, as the public labelling of these offenders as paedophiles defines this individual and places upon some certain character evaluation. Becker also wields the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy, in that the label applied to the offender becomes the over-riding statute and thus controlling, therefore the label administered to the offender becomes one of a truthful nature as it is accepted by the person. Kleinhans article also shares this view, as Becker argues that the public treatment of a deviently labelled individual denies them an ordinary existence, they are then almost required to develop unlawful practices. This is also echoed in the registry programme employed in certain countries in order to monitor paedophilic sex offenders. This public labelling imposes the character evaluation of a paedophile onto the offender; an example of this is produced by Itzen (2001), where it is argued that paedophilia and child sex abuse have become inextricably linked within the public eye, even though this link may not be true of the majority. Therefore, this labelling process produces those who are thus excluded from society, resulting in the adoption of criminal or deviant routines. It lastly comes to the evaluation of the article. Within the abstract and introduction to the piece, Kleinhans identifies her aims for the article as a whole. She states that the work itself is addressed to the (over) reactions of the public (2002 p233), and that the underlying concepts that seem central to the discussion of paedophilic sex offenders are produced in order to evaluate the contemporary punishment and legal systems for these crimes. Thus, as the title of the article suggests, Kleinhans main argument pivots around the discussion of punishment systems for paedophilia and thus attempts to shed new light on the discourse and practice (2001 p233) of these systems. The article does indeed reflect upon these punishment issues to a great degree, and this argument provides the bulk of material within the piece. It could therefore be said that the article does achieve the initial aims put forward by Kleinhans. She looks at and examines the peripheral aspects to which paedophilia is concerned, such as the moral separation of the child from the adult in both innocence and naivety as well as sexual beings, thus introducing the inconsistencies in our morals and behaviour towards this area of human nature. After dealing with these underlying concepts, she moves on to discuss the punishment systems in place for paedophilic sex offenders and looks beyond the characteristic view of the prison, and applies these inferences to the outside world. By doing so, the article looks at a greater scope of punishment than just the basic corporal or carceral systems, and looks at how the community also employs punishment tactics to offenders. The research used within the article is generally up to date, and employs current legislation to further arguments made. It also seem to be well referenced with every point or argument presented being backed up with empirical studies. However, with the topic being of such current debate, the article, in general, does not produce any new findings on this. Yet, it does prove to be of aid in the clarification of this subject. Thus the article can be criticised in not fully achieving its initial aims, but Kleinhans does provide a compelling argument with sound debate and so the piece is not without its merits. The article itself appears well written and documented, and incorporates a vast scope of features concerning many areas of this subject matter. The work appears objective without being over clinical and employs various approaches and theories of a sociological nature to further the comments made. Kleinhans takes a different view on an intrinsically tender subject, and looks in detail and the punishment systems upon the offender as well as the effect the community has on the deviance. In her own conclusion, she expresses a wish to shed some light on the punishment of sex offenders, and I believe the article has done that. By looking at the system outside of the prison walls, the article does provide a description of this matter that is not generally attenuated to. Although not providing any groundbreaking new views or theories, the articles different take on this subject matter aids in the clarification of the this topic.

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Essays

Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Essays Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Paper Waiting Line and Queuing Theory Solutions Paper College class: number of students come in groups at the beginning of class period; very few arrive during the class or very early before class. F. Movie theater: probably not if only one movie is shown (if there are four or more auditoriums each playing a different movie simultaneously, it may be okay). Patrons all tend to arrive in batches S to 20 minutes before a show, c. Laundromat: basically a single-channel, multiplexer, two-phase system. Arrivals Waiting line Service customers with dirty clothes usually first-come, first-served in terms of selecting an available machine first phase consists of washing clothes n washing machines; second-phase is again queuing for the first available drying machine d.